Accounting or Business Administration
- Students will be able to recall or recognize information from courses required in the major.
- Students will be able to use knowledge to achieve a specific purpose.
- Students will be able to extract essential elements, relationships, or principles of a problem, theory, idea, etc.
- Students will be able to combine & integrate ideas and information from a variety of sources to create an organized product.
- Students will be able to identify the most desirable choice or action in a choice situation in terms of internal evidence and external criteria.
Administrative Assistant
- Demonstrate an understanding of basic skills, terminology, and principles.
- Apply basic business skills, terminology, and principles in problem-solving scenarios through
hands-on experiences.
- Exhibit proficiency in applying technology to business and personal situations.
- Display quality written and oral communication skills in a variety of settings.
- Demonstrate the ability to work effectively as part of a team and apply professional behavior
and ethics.
Aeronautics Degree
- Demonstrate the necessary skills and knowledge to obtain a single and multi-engine commercial pilot certificate
- Demonstrate sound Aeronautical Decision making (ADM) through employment of a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
- Demonstrate adequate Crew Resource Management (CRM) including weather service, air traffic control, dispatch, maintenance, and cabin crew members
- Demonstrate an awareness of career pathways for the aviation industry
Agriculture Business
- Students will be able to research, understand and interpret economic news and trends using economic theory and apply them to agricultural operations.
- Students will be able to apply economic and financial decision making tools to real life production scenarios.
- Students will demonstrate a practical understanding of production agriculture.
- Students will demonstrate the ability to productively participate as part of a team to research and communicate economic and production agriculture concepts.
- Students will have the ability to communicate orally and in writing on agriculture issues.
Agriculture Education
- Describe sound, sustainable agriculture production principles and practices
- Identify the cultural, political and economic influences of agriculture
- Exhibit competence in the application of technology
- Demonstrate ability to interpret and evaluated quantitative data from research in agriculture
Agroecology
- Describe the role of soil management in sustainable agricultural systems
- Demonstrate the ability to collaborate in the collection and interpretation of data and the use of technology
- Demonstrate competence in independent research and problem solving
- Exhibit proficiency in evaluating and applying quantitative data from production agriculture
Allied Health
- Apply the fundamentals of science utilized in health care careers.
- Experience opportunities for allied health career exploration.
- Demonstrate professional communications, behaviors, and critical thinking skills.
- Apply medical terminology and health record documentation principles in health career related activities.
- Demonstrate knowledge of basic health care economics and ethics expected within healthcare careers.
Animal Science
- Students will demonstrate the ability to communicate, orally and in writing, on agriculture issues
- Students will demonstrate the ability to productively participate as part of a team
- Students will exhibit ability to research, analyze, and critically evaluate production agriculture issues
Anthropology
Upon the successful completion of an Associate of Arts Degree with a major in Anthropology, each student will:
- Demonstrate a basic understanding of the major theoretical paradigms within Anthropology.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the anthropological research process by utilizing methodological techniques to gather data, evaluating difference sources of evidence, and develop an argument for a chosen position on an issue in Anthropology that will be rational, factual, and persuasive.
- Demonstrate knowledge of cultural diversity in a global society. Identify key research findings that help to explain the biological and ethnohistorical roots of diversity.
- Demonstrate a comprehension of culture and be able to explain how it operates as an adaptive mechanism in human groups.
Archaeology Technology
Upon the successful completion of an Associate of Science Degree with a major in Archaeology Technology, each student will:
- Identify and understand the goals of archaeology Demonstrate knowledge ethics and laws of archaeological practice
- Apply the methods, tools, and technical skills of archaeological research
- Understand the interdisciplinary nature of archaeology
- Gain a historical consciousness of humanity by identifying the major milestones of humankind
Art
- Use media (tools, hands, materials, etc.) to produce artwork with a high level of craftsmanship
- Incorporate design elements, structures, and functions into art and design projects
- Demonstrate development of visual thinking and visual literacy
- Recognize a variety of artworks and demonstrate a foundational understanding of art/design's relationship to history and culture
- Critique the form and content of artworks through use of art/design terminology and concepts
Athletic Training
- Students will be able to demonstrate a thorough understanding of an injury prevention program for athletics, including strength/conditioning, nutrition, protective equipment, and taping and wrapping techniques.
- Students must demonstrate knowledge and application of emergency procedures for athletics, along with the ability to design an emergency action plan for individual and team events.
- Students must demonstrate comprehension and application of injury assessment and evaluation of the body’s upper and lower extremities.
- Students must demonstrate knowledge and application of athletic training professional practice and competencies
Biology
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of biology.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills
Chemistry
- Demonstrate an understanding of principles and theories of chemistry including atomic and molecular structure, periodic law, ionic theory, behavior and properties of gases, liquids, and solids, oxidation-reduction, equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, radioactivity and nuclear reactions.
- Demonstrate proficiency in organic chemistry including nomenclature, structure, reactions, and reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and spectral analysis.
- Apply mathematical foundations to solve chemical problems.
- Evaluate and assess the uses of chemical applications and technologies.
Communication
- Demonstrate the ability to analyze and evaluate theories of communication and applications of those theories.
- Show proficiency in communicating orally in a public setting in front of a variety of audiences.
- Illustrate the ability to interpret and evaluate public communication presented in a variety of media.
- Illustrate proficiency in evaluating or assessing the uses of communication technologies.
Criminal Justice
- Demonstrate a basic understanding of the major schools of thought and theoretical paradigms used to study crime and criminality and which also generate research in the field of Criminal Justice.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the research method process, the various data collection techniques available for conducting research in Criminal Justice, and demonstrate understanding of the primary crime collection methods that are available to track crime rates within our society.
- Demonstrate an ability to apply criminal justice/criminological concepts and theories to real life applications that are present in the field of criminal justice.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the historic origins, structure, and operation of the major agencies that comprise our American justice system.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the laws, Constitutional requirements, and legally defined procedures that criminal justice professionals have to adhere to when practicing within the field of criminal justice.
Drafting Technology
- The student shall demonstrate Drafting Technology theory and applications associated with the, Architectural, Civil, and Mechanical drafting fields.
- The student shall understand, utilizing, High-Technology applications of Computer-Aided-Drafting, 3-D Printing, and Large Format Plotting to the fields of Architecture, Civil and Mechanical. The student shall utilize these applications within the content of each course listed under the Drafting Technology Program.
- Students shall understand the practices in creating highly-accurate detailed drawings according to Drafting Industry Standards, which includes the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Institute of Architects (AIA), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and standards and codes related to other engineering, technology and construction fields.
- The student shall demonstrate the ability to create drawings electronically, (using the various Autodesk software packages), by obtained information from reading prints, attaining measurements and/or calculations.
- The student shall demonstrate the ability to visualize accurately, fully-dimensioned 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, and Solid modeled drawings, and to perform reverse-engineering if necessary within each of the fields of study. (Architecture, Civil, and Mechanical).
Early Childhood Education
- The student shall demonstrate knowledge of physical maturation, cognitive and language, and social/emotional development from pre-birth to approximately 8 years of age, including individual differences and the impact of early experiences. (WY Professional Teaching Standards I, II, III)
- The Student shall demonstrate competence in articulating rationale for implementation of developmentally appropriate practices in the education of all children including techniques of informal and formal assessment and the process of evaluating early childhood program. (WPTS IV, V, IX, XXII)
- The student shall demonstrate competence in planning and implementing developmentally appropriate curriculum through the facilitation of play and the design of appropriate learning environments to meet the needs of all young children. (WPTS XIII, IV, V, VII, VIII, XI)
Elementary Education
- The student will be able to analyze and apply learning principles, knowledge or individual learner characteristics, and teaching strategies.
- The student will demonstrate an understanding of cognitive, affective and motor development of children and adolescents as they relate to students’ intellectual, social and personal growth.
- The student will communicate information using appropriate presentation techniques including oral communication, written materials and instructional technology.
- The student will plan instruction based on knowledge of subject matter, students the community and state performance standards.
- The student will demonstrate the ability to reflect on his/her professional commitment and responsibilities.
Emergency Medical Services, Paramedicine
- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of EMS systems, the safety/well-being of the paramedic, and medical/legal and ethical issues which is intended to improve the health of EMS personnel, patients, and the community.
- Integrates a complex depth and comprehensive breadth of knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of all human systems.
- Integrates comprehensive anatomical and medical terminology and abbreviations into the written and oral communication with colleagues and other health care professionals.
- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of pathophysiology of major human systems.
- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of life span development.
- Applies fundamental knowledge of principles of public health and epidemiology including public health emergencies, health promotion, and illness and injury prevention.
- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of pharmacology to formulate a treatment plan intended to mitigate emergencies and improve the overall health of the patient.
- Integrates complex knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology into the assessment to develop and implement a treatment plan with the goal of assuring a patent airway, adequate mechanical ventilation, and respiration for patients of all ages.
- Integrate scene and patient assessment findings with knowledge of epidemiology and pathophysiology to form a field impression. This includes developing a list of differential diagnoses through clinical reasoning to modify the assessment and formulate a treatment plan.
- Integrates assessment findings with principles of epidemiology and pathophysiology to formulate a field impression and implement a comprehensive treatment/disposition plan for a patient with a medical complaint.
- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of causes and pathophysiology into the management of cardiac arrest and peri-arrest states. Integrates a comprehensive knowledge of the causes and pathophysiology into the management of shock, respiratory failure or arrest with an emphasis on early intervention to prevent arrest.
- Integrates assessment findings with principles of epidemiology and pathophysiology to formulate a field impression to implement a comprehensive treatment/disposition plan for an acutely injured patient.
- Integrates assessment findings with principles of pathophysiology and knowledge of psychosocial needs to formulate a field impression and implement a comprehensive treatment/disposition plan for patients with special needs.
- Knowledge of operational roles and responsibilities to ensure safe patient, public, and personnel safety.
Engineering
- The student shall be able to describe physical phenomenon with precise engineering terms. Terms of familiarity should include: force, position, velocity, acceleration, tension, moments, mass, friction, impulse, linear and angular momentum, kinetic and potential energy.
- The student shall use the principles of statics, dynamics and physics to predict forces and motion of structures and particles.
- The student shall understand advanced math (calculus through differential equations) and be able to apply these skills to engineering problems. More specifically, the student shall:
o Be able to work with two and three dimensional vectors including dot and cross products
o Be able to work with integration and differentiation in two and three dimensions
o Be able to determine solutions to differential equations using a variety of techniques
o Be able to use computer techniques to make math problems easier
Equine Business Management
- Demonstrate an understanding of basic equine business skills, terminology and skills for entry-level positions in the equine industry.
- Demonstrate skills in the areas of written and oral communication, mathematics, and technology with emphasis on equine business duties.
- Illustrate proficiency in identifying and solving problems related to equine health, safety and business practices.
- Apply equine business theory to an equine business setting.
Equine Riding and Training with Emphasis on Riding
- Recognize correct balance of a horse in motion while implementing a training plan and evaluating a horse at all three gaits.
- Recognize and ride with a balanced position in a coachable manner.
- Apply basic equine health knowledge when diagnosing the physical and mental health of the horse including unsoundness, lameness, diseases and illness.
- Use safety when grooming, tacking up a horse for riding, handling on the ground and riding.
Equine Riding and Training with Emphasis on Training
- Recognize correct balance of a horse in motion while implementing a training plan and evaluating a horse at all three gaits.
- Recognize and ride with a balanced position in a coachable manner.
- Apply basic equine health knowledge when diagnosing the physical and mental health of the horse including unsoundness, lameness, diseases and illness.
- Use safety when grooming, tacking up a horse for riding, handling on the ground and riding.
Farm and Ranch Management
- Students will be able to research, understand and interpret economic news and trends using economic theory and apply them to agricultural operations.
- Student will be able to apply economic and financial decision making tools to real life production scenarios.
- Students will demonstrate a practical understanding of production agriculture.
- Students will demonstrate the ability to productively participate as part of a team to research and communicate economic and production agriculture concepts.
- Students will have the ability to communicate orally and in writing on agriculture issues.
General Studies
Graphic Design
Program-Specific Student-Learning Outcomes for AA in Graphic Design
- Use media (tools, hands, materials, etc.) to produce artwork with a high level of craftsmanship
- Incorporate design elements, structures, and functions into art and design projects
- Demonstrate development of visual thinking and visual literacy
- Recognize a variety of artworks and demonstrate a foundational understanding of art/design’s relationship to history and culture
- Critique the form and content of artworks through use of art/design terminology and concepts
Program Specific Learning Outcomes for AAS in Graphic Design
- Prepare students for entry-level positions in the graphics industry/profession
- Demonstrate the ability to reproduce printed materials with quality and efficiency
- Demonstrate the ability to plan, communicate, design and build efficient documents/files in software applications geared for the graphics discipline
- Utilize proper terminology, techniques and procedures common to the graphics industry/profession
- Demonstrate commitment to maintaining a strong work ethic
History
- Students will acquire an understanding of the historical framework for the development of Western (and World) Civilizations and the United States.
- Students will pursue a more in-depth study in aspects of Ancient Mediterranean, European, or American History as a foundation for transfer into junior level course work.
- Students will demonstrate an understanding of multicultural perspectives and realities of history, including the contributions over many centuries of various races, nations, and faiths to the fabric of Western Civilization and the United States.
- Students will acquire a sophisticated awareness of the relationships that develop through time between political, social, economic, cultural, intellectual, and religious factors, weaving into “patterns” and trends.
- Students will learn the methods and techniques of research and analysis in the discipline of history, including the “social sciences” and “humanities” traditions as well as the “rules of evidence” employed in historical thinking and writing – all components of “critical thinking.”
- Students will acquire a rudimentary sense of historiography – historical argumentation and debate – on key questions of professional research.
- Students will develop communications skills to express historical perspectives, including writing and oral presentations of expression.
International Studies
- Demonstrate a basic understanding of the major schools of thought and theoretical paradigms used in International Studies and which also generate research in the field of International Studies.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the research method process, the various data collection techniques available for conducting research in International Studies.
- Demonstrate an ability to apply international studies concepts and theories to real life applications that are present in the field of international studies.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the historic origins, structure, and operation of the major actors that comprise the international system.
- Be able to recognize and appreciate the historical, political, social, cultural, and economic dimensions of international processes and issues, integrating these into an interdisciplinary perspective.
- Have the capability to critically read, write about, discuss, and engage in scholarly inquiry related to international processes and issues.
- Have a minimal level of comprehension in a second language.
- Be aware of career and post-graduate opportunities suitable for an international studies major.
Mathematics
Students will
1. Compute derivatives and use them in applications.
- In Math 2200 (calculus I), the focus is on derivatives of single variable functions.
- In Math 2205 (calculus II), the focus is on derivatives of transcendental functions.
- In Math 2210 (calculus III), the focus is on derivatives of multi-variable functions.
2. Compute integrals and use them in applications.
- In Math 2200 (calculus I), the focus is on integrals of single variable functions.
- In Math 2205 (calculus II), the focus is on special techniques of integration.
- In Math 2210 (calculus III), the focus is on integrals of multi-variable functions.
3. Use series to represent functions.
4. Model motion using vectors and perform calculus operations on them.
5. Create and analyze mathematical models.
Music
- Demonstrate individual and group artistry on an instrument or voice.
- Apply skills in music reading, sight reading, and the understanding of music theory.
- Describe, analyze, and evaluate music, musical performances, and musical meanings considering the music’s design elements, historical, and cultural connections.
- Understand the relationship among music, other arts, and disciplines outside the arts.
- Understand many kinds of music in relation to history and culture.
- Improvise melodies, variations, and accompaniments.
- Develop understanding and use of music and computer technologies.
Music Technology
- Apply concepts from physics and acoustics in practical situations to solve sound problems and/or achieve desired outcomes in both sound reinforcement and sound recording.
- Demonstrate proficiency with sound reinforcement procedures including: microphone selection, mixing console signal flow and gain staging, metering, FOH and stage monitor mixing, system troubleshooting and assessment.
- Demonstrate proficiency with various aspects of digital audio production. Including, the impact of sample rate and bit depth on the sonic image, dithering, Full Scale metering (dBFS), use of software effects plug-ins, software audio editing tools, and digital file management best practices.
- Evaluate merits of recording outcomes with an understanding of the technical goals and aesthetic considerations appropriate for a given genre. Distinguish specific audio career paths and the steps needed to become successful profession in the audio industry.
- Develop an understanding of the history and aesthetics of electronic music and demonstrate the effective use of both MIDI-based and non-MIDI hardware and software in the creation and production of electronic music.
Natural Resource Biology
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of natural resources biology.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data.
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills.
Nursing: Registered Nurse
- Provide safe nursing care within the healthcare system.
- Incorporate prior knowledge, current research, and clinical experience in decision-making.
- Demonstrate leadership skills as part of an inter-professional team to promote desired outcomes.
- Use effective communication and advocacy to provide individualized care.
- Practice within the core values, principles, and standards of the nursing profession.
- Utilize the nursing process and a broad knowledge base to maximize health.
Outdoor Education and Recreation Leadership
- Evaluate a groups risk concerns for a specific activity to create a plan that will appropriately manage associated risks.
- Apply appropriate leadership theories and techniques in various backcountry and outdoor education settings.
- Develop an accurate budget to operate an outdoor program/activity ranging in length from one to four days.
- Demonstrate professional competency in one or more outdoor skill areas such as rock climbing, backpacking, rafting/kayaking, rope courses, etc.
Photographic Communications
- Demonstrate an understanding with applicable skills of traditional photographic techniques.
- Demonstrate an understanding with applications of digital photography.
- Illustrate the ability to use photographic studios to communicate commercial ideas.
- Demonstrate an understanding and proficiency in using business practices in the field of photography.
Physical Education
- Design and use a healthy lifestyle management plan.
- Apply knowledge of growth, development, learning theory, and movement principles to program development and lesson planning.
- Administer various assessments including Fitness, Strength, Motor and Academia.
- Demonstrate knowledge of basic instructional strategies for athletic coaching.
Physics
- Demonstrate an understanding of principles and theories of Physics. These including the following: Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, (primarily accomplished in PHYS 1110 and PHYS 1310), Electromagnetism, optics (primarily accomplished in PHYS 1120 and PHYS 1320), Special and general theories of relativity, quantum mechanics, atomic physics, nuclear and elementary particle physics, solid state physics and astrophysics (primarily accomplished in PHYS 2320)
- Apply algebra and (n the case of PHYS 1310/20 and PHYS 2320) calculus, as well as graphical methods to solve physics problems.
- Demonstrate the ability to do simple lab experiments that apply the principles learned in class (applicable only to PHYS 1110/20 and PHYS 1310/20)
Political Science
- Students will learn fundamental principles of U.S. and Wyoming constitutions and governments.
- Students will learn and be able to apply basic concepts and methods for analysis that are commonly used in Political Science.
- Students will be able to analyze and evaluate evidence obtained from different sources and offered in support of political arguments.
- Students will be able to develop an argument for a position on political issues that will be rational, factual, and persuasive.
Pre-Occupational Therapy
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of biology and appropriate for the included pre-professional transfer programs.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data.
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills.
Pre-Optometry
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of biology and appropriate for the included pre-professional transfer programs.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data.
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills.
Pre-Pharmacy
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of biology and appropriate for the included pre-professional transfer programs.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data.
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills.
Pre-Physical Therapy
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of biology and appropriate for the included pre-professional transfer programs.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data.
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills.
Pre-Professional Sciences
- Demonstrate an understanding of the major biological principles pertinent to the field of biology and appropriate for the included pre-professional transfer programs.
- Demonstrate sound scientific reasoning and familiarity with basic scientific methodology and experimental procedures.
- Be able to organize, analyze and interpret data.
- Demonstrate oral and written communication skills.
Production Agriculture
- Describe sound, sustainable agriculture production principles and practices
- Identify the cultural, political and economic influences on agriculture in a global economy
- Demonstrate ability in independent research and problem solving
- Demonstrate basic animal and plant management techniques
Psychology
- Demonstrate a familiarity with and understanding of the concepts and language used to describe and explain the human behaviors covered in the course.
- Demonstrate introductory-level knowledge about the character and causes and effects of those behaviors examined in the course.
- Demonstrate an introductory-level understanding of the several varied and most widely held perspectives and theories used by different “schools” of Psychologists to describe and explain many of the behaviors covered in the course.
- Demonstrate an introductory-level ability to describe, interpret, and evaluate psychological research done by others.
- Demonstrate an introductory-level ability to apply psychological methods and knowledge to analyzing and changing behavior.
- Demonstrate an introductory-level ability to integrate diverse psychological concepts, theories, and research findings about human behaviors.
- Demonstrate an introductory-level ability to design one’s own psychological research about human behavior.
Range Management
- Describe sound, sustainable range ecosystem management principles and practices
- Demonstrate the ability to collaborate in the collection and interpretation of data and the use of technology
- Demonstrate competence in independent research and problem solving
- Exhibit proficiency in evaluating and applying quantitative data from production agriculture
Secondary Education
- The student will be able to analyze and apply learning principles, knowledge or individual learner characteristics, and teaching strategies.
- The student will demonstrate an understanding of cognitive, affective and motor development of children and adolescents as they relate to students’ intellectual, social and personal growth.
- The student will communicate information using appropriate presentation techniques including oral communication, written materials and instructional technology.
- The student will plan instruction based on knowledge of subject matter, students the community and state performance standards.
- The student will demonstrate the ability to reflect on his/her professional commitment and responsibilities.
Social Science
Sociology
- Demonstrate a basic understanding of the major theoretical paradigms used to study social phenomena and generate research in the field of Sociology.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the research method process, the various data collection techniques available for conducting research in Sociology, and gain an understanding of the ethical standards that guide research within the social sciences.
- Demonstrate an ability to apply sociological concepts and theories to the real world and ultimately their everyday lives.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the formation and operation of the major social institutions that exist within our society.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the social groups that operate in our society and the impact they have on our development/socialization.
Spanish
- Communicate in oral and written Spanish to provide and obtain information, express feelings, and exchange opinions
- Interpret written texts and spoken Spanish
- Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of language by comparing Spanish to their own language
- Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of culture through comparisons of the culture studied and their own
- Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between perspectives and the practices and products of the culture studied
Veterinary Assistant
- Students will demonstrate ability to communicate animal health issues orally and in writing
- Students will demonstrate ability to contribute to a team
- Students will exhibit ability to research, analyze, and critically evaluate animal health issues
Welding Technology
The welding program will help students:
- Reach their full potential in the welding field
- Achieve a complete understanding of welding symbols and print drawing and reading
- Use the correct procedure in setting up equipment and the skills used in welding
- Use TIG and MIG machines in both pipe and plate welding
- Explain the physical aspect of different metals
- Develop the cognitive and physical skills necessary to pass certification tests in both pipe and plate welding
